During the conflict, the northern and eastern Aleppo countryside experienced intensive battles; these battles have directly affected public infrastructures such as hospitals, schools, and roads, which have been completely or partially destroyed. Moreover, many private properties such as buildings, shops, and markets were also destroyed and a large number of residents of this area have been displaced. Recently, due to relative stability, an improved security situation, and forced displacement of the population from other parts of Syria, thousands of families have returned or have been displaced...

Following the outbreak of the conflict, debris and rubble accumulated as a result of the repeated shelling of cities. The lack of heavy machinery to rehabilitate water mains, remove debris, open roads, and clean city squares exacerbated the situation. As the conflict continued, waste containers we...